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High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been degraded thermally and catalytically using MgCO 3 at 450°C into liquid fraction in a batch reactor. Different conditions like temperature, time and catalyst ratio were optimized for the maximum conversion of HDPE into liquid fraction. Catalytic degradation yielded 92% liquid fraction whereas 90% wax was obtained with thermal degradation. The composition...
This work compares the performance and emissions from a production 1.0-l, eight-valve, and four-stroke engine fuelled by hydrous ethanol (6.8% water content in ethanol) or 78% gasoline-22% ethanol blend. The engine was tested in a dynamometer bench in compliance with NBR/ISO 1585 standard. The performance parameters investigated were torque, brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake power, specific...
This paper presents the results of an investigation on the combined effect of particle size and chemical composition on the colour of fly ash – a property that determines whether fly ash polymer composites can be engineered to have very light appearance satisfying the need for a wide range of commodity applications, particularly in the building material and computer housing industry. Four fly ash...
Algerian oil well deposit derived asphaltene fraction was characterized by different MAS/NMR sequences to investigate asphaltene aromaticity and the best cross-polarization contact time. The aromaticity was estimated by single pulse sequence (SP), Hahn-echo (HE), cross-polarization (CP) and variable cross-polarization (VACP) sequences. The values found ranging from 0.58 to 0.48 are of the same order...
Coal dust/air mixture explosions under weak ignition conditions have been studied in a horizontal experimental tube of diameter 199mm and length 29.6m. The experimental tube is closed at one end and open at the downstream end. An array of 40 equally spaced dust dispersion units was used to disperse coal dust particles into the experimental tube. The coal dust/air mixture was ignited by an electric...
The anodic oxidation of organic pollutants from produced water generated by petroleum exploration of the Petrobras plant-Brazil was studied using a RuO 2 –TiO 2 –SnO 2 electrode. Under galvanostatic conditions (j=89mAcm −2 ), it was observed that the performance of the electrode material is influenced by flow rate as it was shown by GC analysis. It was found that the...
The adsorption behavior of dibenzothiophene (DBT) on an activated carbon fiber (ACF) and a granular coconut-shell activated carbon (GCSAC) in the solvents n-hexane, n-decane, toluene, and mixture of n-decane and toluene was investigated. The DBT adsorption onto both samples was more active in n-hexane than in n-decane. The lowest DBT adsorption was observed in toluene. Regardless of the type of activated...
Compost from vegetable residues is usually used as an organic amendment to soil; however, their thermal degradation characteristics show that it could be used as raw material in air gasification facilities. According to the obtained data, hydrogen production is positively affected by composting, increasing hydrogen concentration in the raw gas from 15.2 to 22.6vol%. This effect is related with physicochemical...
Advanced fuel characterization helps to predict ash fouling and slagging. Chemical fractionation analysis, i.e. sequential leaching in H 2 O, NH 4 Ac(aq), and HCl(aq), was applied to the biomass of spruce, pine, birch, and aspen. All of the Cl in the samples and most of the K, Na, and P were water-soluble; most of the Mg and Mn, and some of the Ca were leached in NH 4 Ac; most...
This paper evaluates the production of methyl esters from Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) oil and methanol. The reaction was carried out applying low-frequency high-intensity ultrasound (40kHz) under atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the influence of alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (sulfuric acid) and temperature...
Few factors affect diesel combustion and emissions more significantly than the composition of the fuel and the fuel injection process. In this paper, both of these factors are considered by comparing conventional, synthetic and vegetable oil-derived diesel fuels and by comparing a single pulse injection and a split (pilot and main) injection process. This paper focuses on characterization of the combustion...
Using hydrogen as an additive to enhance the conventional diesel engine performance has been investigated by several researchers and the outcomes are very promising. However, the problems associated with the production and storage of pure hydrogen currently limits the application of pure hydrogen in diesel engine operation. On-board hydrogen–oxygen generator, which produces H 2 /O 2 ...
Most often, only TOC and the concentrations of the 16 PAHs of the US EPA list are monitored in contaminated soils of former coking plants or MGPs. The objective of the present study was to provide a detailed characterization of the organic extracts of (i) coal tar particles sampled from a contaminated soil and (ii) of water at equilibrium with these particles. Chromatographic techniques were used...
The term biodiesel refers to the Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters (FAAE) derived from vegetable, animal or waste oil feedstocks. This alternative fuel is increasingly becoming a significant part of the transport sector with over 10 million tonnes sold in the EU in 2007. Currently a small amount of biodiesel (presently 3.5% in the UK) is present in diesel fuel but this could rise to up to 30% in the medium...
A novel approach has been proposed for mitigating the potassium deactivation in the K 2 CO 3 -catalyzed steam gasification of coal char by addition of Ca(OH) 2 in the char preparation. It was experimentally found that the Ca(OH) 2 -added char had higher reactivity for the catalytic gasification than the raw char. Ca(OH) 2 played a role in suppressing the interactions...
Particle size distribution measurements were performed during the growth stage of methane hydrate formation in a semi-batch stirred tank crystallizer. Experiments were carried out at temperatures between 275.1 and 279.2K and pressures ranging from 3873 to 5593kPa. The reaction rate constant of methane hydrate formation was determined using the model of Bergeron and Servio (AIChE J 2008;54:2964). The...
A new concept in catalytic coal gasification has been developed. The use of crude vinegars (CVs) derived from different lignocellulosic biomass resources is described for the recovery and reuse of calcium in coal gasification. Calcium introduced by impregnation with a CV solution produced a higher catalytic activity than calcium loaded by impregnation with an aqueous acetic acid solution. Furthermore,...
The present work focuses on an experimental comparison of diesel emissions produced by three fuels: an ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (BP15), a pure soybean methyl-ester biodiesel fuel (B100), and a synthetic Fischer–Tropsch fuel (FT), practically free of sulfur and aromatic compounds, and produced in a gas-to-liquid process. The study was carried out using a 2.5L direct injection common-rail turbodiesel...
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